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The most famous example of this type modulation is child- or infant-directed speech (IDS), a speaking style used, as the name suggests, when communicating with infants or children ( Snow, 1977 Stern et al., 1982 Fernald and Simon, 1984). This type of modulation typically happens without explicit instruction or feedback and is robust across talker populations and contexts ( Beckford Wassink et al., 2007 Androutsopoulos, 2014 Ferreira, 2019). Modulation can take many forms, including choosing appropriate lexical items for the audience, modulating syntactic structure, and modifying acoustic properties ( Clark and Carlson, 1981 Clark and Murphy, 1982 Arnold et al., 2012). When communicating in natural situations, talkers modulate their speech for their audience (e.g., Clark et al., 1983). We suggest that clear speech should be conceptualized as a set of speaking styles, in which talkers take the listener and communication situation into consideration. Talkers modulate their speech differently depending on the communication situation. Further, the results demonstrate that clear speech is not a monolithic construct. Our results demonstrate that talkers do, indeed, modulate their lexical selection, as measured by a variety of lexical diversity and lexical sophistication indices. In the present study, we examine whether clear speaking styles also include modulation of lexical items selected and produced during naturalistic conversations.
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When talkers anticipate that a listener may have difficulty understanding their speech, they adopt a speaking style typically described as “clear speech.” This speaking style includes a variety of acoustic modifications and has perceptual benefits for listeners.
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Speech Perception and Production Lab, Department of Linguistics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States.Baese-Berk *, Shiloh Drake, Kurtis Foster, Dae-yong Lee, Cecelia Staggs and Jonathan M.